• Thebes: West Bank, temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari

Thebes: West Bank, temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari

Jadwiga Iwaszczuk
June 29, 2018
Tags: Deir el-Bahari Djeser-djeseru Deir el-Bahri temple
temple enclosure
Ḏsr-ḏsrw
4th Upper Egyptian nome
25°44’ N
32°36’ E

The most important element of West Thebes landscape in the times of queen Hatshepsut, transcending everything that had ever been built there, was the temple of millions of years erected at the foot of the mountain in the valley of Deir el-Bahari. It was a temple complex which used Old Kingdom pyramid complexes as models.[1] The whole group was supposed to be constituted by the Valley Temple situated next to a watercourse, together with a harbour, processional alley leading to the Upper Temple, and definitely the Upper Temple itself. Not all of these elements were completed in the queen’s lifetime. It seems impossible to reconstruct the original intentions of Hatshepsut or the changes introduced into the architecture of the temple under her reign. The works of different missions deformed or irreparably destroyed the information which had been possible to retrieve from the remains of the temple even as late as the time of the research conducted by Edouard Naville.


Orientation of the temple

The location of the Ḏsr-ḏsrw temple was connected with the natural surface of the area to a great extent, which implied its expansion towards east. The first task which the builders faced was to establish the ritual direction and plan the axis of the temple according to an astronomical phenomenon, i.e. the winter solstice, also used to plan the axis of the 8th Pylon at Karnak. At the moment of the winter solstice, the sun rose on the axis of the 8th Pylon and the sunlight which passed through the granite gate lit the Sanctuary of the temple of Hatshepsut for a short time.[2] 
Sunrays reached the Sanctuary on another occasion through a system of two windows built into the wall decoration, one of them in the east wall, the other in the west wall of the Bark Hall. They were supposed to light the statue located in niche B of the Statue Room, which, according to David Furlong, happened about 36 days before or after the winter solstice.[3] Furlong believes that it was a significant date from ideological point of view, commemorating the ruler’s birth or coronation day. 
Considering the lunette of the east wall of the Bark Hall, it is obvious that the present structure of the window is secondary. The original window was plugged and the inserted block was decorated with an image of a solar disk. Next, a new window was cut out in the wall, however, it was moved further north.[4] 
It was not only the Main Sanctuary of Amun, situated on the central axis of the temple, but also other complexes in the temple, situated in a parallel alignment to the central axis – the Hathor Shrine, the Complex of the Solar Cult or the Lower Anubis Shrine – were oriented in such a manner that the sunrays hit the inside precisely on the winter solstice.[5] 

Construction work

Foundation ritual

The foundation of the temple of millions of years at Deir el-Bahari most likely took place in year 7 of the reign of Thutmose III.[6] It was the same year when queen Hatshepsut accessed the throne, nominally taking power over the country,[7] and sanctioning her actual rule which had already lasted for years. She was undoubtedly the king when the foundation deposits of Ḏsr-ḏsrw were placed in the ground, as they are mostly signed with her throne name.[8]  Winlock made a suggestion that the foundation ceremony must have taken place in autumn, since the deposits contain fruit which ripens in autumn in Egypt.[9] 
There is not much information preserved which describes the beginnings of the construction of the temple complex at Deir el-Bahari. It appears that the text written on an ostracon[10] found over the temple concerns the foundation ritual. It is damaged in major part and unfortunately does not contain the date, nevertheless, it indicates the exact location of an object, possibly a foundation deposit, in relation to the temple of Mentuhotep II Nebhepetra.[11]
The foundation ritual of the temple was depicted on the west wall of the Southern Lower Portico. The scenes represented there consist of the ritual of the stretching the cord performed in front of the goddess Sefekhetabuy, next the queen, accompanied by her kȝ was scattering the bsn grains, the following scene showed the ceremony of offering the temple to Amun-Re, and next the unpreserved scene with the name of the temple was depicted. The great offering ithyphallic Amun-Ra close the cycle of scenes.[12]

 

History of the construction

Texts concerning the construction

A plaque which used to be attached to an oil container was found next to the wall of the processional alley, approx. 200 m from the gate of the temple. The plaque bears the date of year 7, third month of the prt season, day 25. It is the earliest date which could be associated with the construction of the temple. According to Winlock[13] and Hayes,[14] the location where the plaque was discovered suggests that the processional alley was the oldest part of the temple. It seems, however, rather illogical, as the alley, before it became the processional alley, was a perfect and the shortest route for transportation of heavy building materials. It is unlikely that it was built as the first structure and exposed to the danger of damage caused by negligence on the part of the workers. On the other hand, it is more than likely that the first phase of works involved preparation of the ground for the alley, including cutting off some rock where it was necessary, so that the materials could be delivered upwards easily.
Day 15 of the fourth month of the ȝḫt season was the day when the hewing of the temple sanctuary began.[15] Unfortunately the slate which is the source of that information does not report the year. The hypothesis[16] which assumes that the text was originally written on the rock next to the chamber, in this case the sanctuary, and then swept out of the Upper Terrace appears to be right. It was eventually found on the Middle Terrace next to the Southern Middle Portico (Punt Portico).
It is certain that the works proceeded quickly and 224 stone blocks were dragged to Ḏsr-ḏsrw on day 20 of year 10, the first month of the šmw season.[17] Hayes seems to have been right in his remark that if the ostracon reporting these works was found on the Middle Terrace, it might mean that the actions were undertaken in the upper portion of the temple.[18]
Another published ostracon dated to the time of construction of the temple described the need for workers. Unfortunately, also in this case, the fragment with the date has not been preserved.[19]

 

Architects and decorators

The most important person who supervised the construction work in the temple of Hatshepsut was Sen-en-mut[20] – the overseer of works of Amun,[21] overseer of works of Amun in Ḏsr-ḏsrw,[22] overseer of all works of Amun,[23] overseer of all works of the king,[24] and overseer of all works of the king in the house of Amun,[25] all functions fulfilled by one individual. That official additionally worked as the overseer of other construction works in Thebes.[26] He was also the overseer of the treasury[27] and granary,[28] and practically of all temple resources.[29] Thus he had the whole financial system of the state at his disposal.
The hypothesis that Sen-en-mut was in charge of works in the Valley Temple seems fairly likely. However, he did not see their completion. He was probably present when the foundations were laid, but fell out of favour soon after the works commenced. The most recent information of him goes back to year 16 of the reign of Thutmose III.[30]
The officials who supervised monumental construction ventures in Thebes under the predecessors of Hatshepsut were still alive during her reign. Perhaps Pen-iaty, who was responsible for construction works under the father[31] and husband[32] of Hatshepsut, participated in the initial stages of construction and design of the Ḏsr-ḏsrw temple. He was still active under her reign,[33] even though he had begun his career in the times of Amenhotep I.[34] He must have been an old man, who would have found it difficult to supervise the work in person during the reign of Hatshepsut. Another builder, Ineni, had also had a long career. He was no longer active in his field in the times of Hatshepsut, yet was still in favour with the queen.[35]
Min-mes had his share in the construction of the temple.[36] He initially managed one of the groups in the temple,[37] and then took over Sen-en-mut’s position as the supervisor of the double granary.[38]
It is clear that the priest of Amun, Pui-em-Ra,[39] was interested in the progress of works in the Valley Temple. Therefore, he must have been the next person in the hierarchy of those who supervised the construction work. His inspections are attested on blocks from the Valley Temple three times.[40] Another evidence for the inspection is delivered by an ostracon discovered in the area of the processional alley by the Austrian mission.[41]

 

 

Footnotes

  1. ^ See also: Ćwiek, Andrzej, Old and Middle Kingdom Tradition in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari, Études et Travaux XXVII, 2014, 64-71, Fig(s). 1; Polz, Daniel, Mentuhotep, Hatschepsut und das Tal der Könige – eine Skizze, in: Engel, Eva-Maria, Müller, Vera, Hartung, Ulrich, Zeichen aus dem Sand. Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer, Wiesbaden 2008, 527. We could argue with Rainer Stadelmann (Stadelmann, Rainer, Tempel und Tempelnamen in Theben-Ost und -West, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 34, 1978, 171), who totally disagrees with this statement and claims that the Egyptian temple took a completely new form from the beginning of the New Kingdom. His statement differs from the image described above, all elements of Hatshepsut’s complex were already known in the mid-20th century (see below for the references on particular structures). It should also be added that the temple was situated in such a manner that it constituted a whole complex with KV 20, the royal tomb of Hatshepsut (Polz, Daniel, Mentuhotep, Hatschepsut und das Tal der Könige – eine Skizze, in: Engel, Eva-Maria, Müller, Vera, Hartung, Ulrich, Zeichen aus dem Sand. Streiflichter aus Ägyptens Geschichte zu Ehren von Günter Dreyer, Wiesbaden 2008, Fig(s). 2).
  2. ^ Karkowski, Janusz, The Temple of Hatshepsut. The Solar Complex, Deir el-Bahari VI, Varsovie 2003, 79-80; Furlong, David, Hatshepsut Temple. Midwinter Solstice Alignment (manuscript), 2007, 1-2; Maravelia, Amanda-Alice, Shaltout, Mosalam, The Great Temples of Thebes and the Sunrise in the Winter Solstice: Applying Modern Archaeoastronomical Techniques to Study the Ancient Egyptian Mansions of Millions of Years, in: Leblanc, Christian, Zaki, Gihane, Les temples de millions d’années et le pouvoir royal à Thèbes au Nouvel Empire. Sciences et nouvelles technologies appliquées à l’archéologie, Le Caire 2010, 288-289, Pl(s). LX.
  3. ^ Furlong, David, Hatshepsut Temple. Midwinter Solstice Alignment (manuscript), 2007, 2.
  4. ^ Observation made by Andrzej Ćwiek, documentation was prepared in season 2001, this information is referred to by Furlong without providing the source (Furlong, David, Hatshepsut Temple. Midwinter Solstice Alignment (manuscript), 2007, 2). Ćwiek associates these changes with the reign of Thutmose III.
  5. ^ Krupp, Ed, Light in the temples, in: Ruggles, Clive, Records in Stone. Papers in Memory of Alexander Thom, Cambridge-New York-New Rochelle-Melbeurne-Sydney 1988, 486, 491-493; Karkowski, Janusz, The Temple of Hatshepsut. The Solar Complex, Deir el-Bahari VI, Varsovie 2003, 79-83.
  6. ^ Dorman, Peter F., The Monuments of Senenmut: Problems in Historical Methodology, London, New York 1988, 36-37; Hayes, William C., Varia from the Time of Hatshepsut, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 15, 1957, 78; Winlock, Herbert Eustis, The Egyptian Expedition 1927–1928: The Museum’s Excavations at Thebes, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 23.12, 1928, 28-30; Schott, Siegfried, Zum Krönungstag der Königin Hatschepsűt, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen I. Philologisch-historische Klasse 6, 1955, 211 [6]; Arnold, Dieter, Deir el-Bahari III, in: Otto, Eberhard, Helck, Wolfgang, Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Band III, Horhekenu – Megeb, Wiesbaden 1980, 1017.
  7. ^ On the subject of the discussion concerning the date of Hatshepsut’s accession to the throne, see: Hayes, William C., Varia from the Time of Hatshepsut, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 15, 1957, 78-80; Yoyotte, Jean, La date supposée du couronnement d’Hatshepsout, Kêmi: revue de philologie et d'archéologie égyptiennes et coptes XVIII, 1968, 85-91 ; Tefnin, Roland, L’an 7 de Touthmosis III et Hatshepsout, Chronique d'Égypte XLVIII/96, 1973, 232-242; Dorman, Peter F., The Monuments of Senenmut: Problems in Historical Methodology, London, New York 1988, 46-65; Laboury, Dimitri, La statuaire de Touthmosis III : Essai d’interprétation d’un portrait royal dans son contexte historique, Aegyptiaca leodiensia 5, Liège 1998, 19; Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane, Hatchepsout : La reine mystérieuse, Paris 2008, 122-135; Dorman, Peter F., The Early Reign of Thutmose III: An Unorthodox Mantle of Coregency, in: O'Connor, David, Cline, Eric H., Thutmose III. A New Biography, Ann Arbor 2006, 39-68; Keller, Cathleen A., The Joint Reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, in: Roehrig, Catharine H., Dreyfus, Renée, Keller, Cathleen A., Hatshepsut. From Queen to Pharaoh, New Haven, London 2005, 96-98; Maruéjol, Florence, Thoutmosis III et la corégence avec Hatchepsout, Les grands pharaons , Paris 2007, 38-40.
  8. ^ Weinstein, James Morris, Foundation Deposits in Ancient Egypt, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania 1973, 151-164.
  9. ^ Winlock, Herbert Eustis, Excavations at Deir el-Bahri 1911-1931, New York 1942, 108; Winlock, Herbert Eustis, The Museum's Excavations at Thebes, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 21.3, 1926, 18. It should be remembered that probably not all foundation deposits were laid at the same time (Spence, K, Topography, architecture and legitimacy. Hatshepsut's foundation deposits at Deir el-Bahri, in: Thomas, S.; Szpakowska, K., Egyptian Stories. A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. Lloyd on the Occasion of His Retirement, Münster 2007, 370).
  10. ^ Hayes, William C., A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca from Dēr El-Baḥri, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 46, 1960, 30-31 [1]; Winlock, Herbert Eustis, Excavations at Deir el-Bahri 1911-1931, New York 1942, 200.
  11. ^ It should be emphasised that the place where the object referred to on the ostracon was located might also be connected with the construction work in the temple of Thutmose III, Ḏsr-ȝḫt.
  12. ^ Karkowski, Janusz, ‘A Temple Comes to Being’. A Few Comments on the Temple Foundation Ritual, Études et Travaux XXIX, 2016, 111-123.
  13. ^ Winlock, Herbert Eustis, The Egyptian Expedition 1925-1927: The Museum's Excavations at Thebes, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 23.2, 1928, 26; Winlock, Herbert Eustis, Excavations at Deir el-Bahri 1911-1931, New York 1942, 134-135.
  14. ^ Hayes, William C., Varia from the Time of Hatshepsut, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 15, 1957, 79.
  15. ^ Hayes, William C., A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca from Dēr El-Baḥri, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 46, 1960, 32 [3], Pl(s). IX, IXA.
  16. ^ Hayes, William C., A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca from Dēr El-Baḥri, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 46, 1960, 32.
  17. ^ Winlock, Herbert Eustis, Excavations at Deir el-Bahri 1911-1931, New York 1942, 208, 218, 219; Hayes, William C., A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca from Dēr El-Baḥri, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 46, 1960, 31-32 [2], Pl(s). IX, IXA; Megally, Mounir, À propos de l’organisation administrative des ouvriers à la XVIIIe dynastie, Studia Aegyptiaca, Budapest 1974, 305-306.
  18. ^ Hayes, William C., A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca from Dēr El-Baḥri, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 46, 1960, 31, Pl(s). IX, IXA. This hypothesis cannot be treated as an undeniable fact, as suggested by Elżbieta Dąbrowska-Smektała (Dąbrowska-Smektała, Elżbieta, Remarks on the restoration of the Eastern Wall on the 3rd Terrace of Hatshepsut Temple, Études et Travaux II, 1968, 78), who Tefnin refers to (Tefnin, Roland, La statuaire d’Hatshepsout. Portrait royal et politique sous la 18e dynastie, Monumenta Aegyptiaca 4, Bruxelles 1979, 50).
  19. ^ Wysocki, Zygmunt, The Discovery, Research, Studies and the Reconstruction of the Rock Platform above the Upper Terrace of Queen Hatshepsut Temple at Deir el-Bahari, The Temple of Queen Hatshepsut. Results of the Investigations and Conservation Works of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Preservation Mission Deir el-Bahari 2, Warsaw 1980, 13, 32-33, Fig(s). 9, 10.
  20. ^ Zygmunt Wysocki (Wysocki, Zygmunt, The Results of Architectural Investigations on Historical Development of the Queen Hatshepsut Temple, The Temple of Queen Hatshepsut. Results of the Investigations and Conservation Works of the Polish-Egyptian Archaeological and Preservation Mission Deir el-Bahari 3, Warsaw 1985, 45-47) doubted that this high official of the queen actually designed the temple. The scholar believed that the change of architect can be detected in the style and manner of construction, and also thought that this type of talent and knowledge must have been passed on from generation to generation. Sen-en-mut and his family were never involved in professions connected with construction.
  21. ^ jmj-r kȝt n(t) Jmn: TT 353 ( Dorman, Peter F., The Tombs of Senenmut. The Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition XXIV, New York 1991, Pl(s). 66-67, 78-79 [BD 110 vignette, N1, S57] ); Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 48.149.7 (Hayes, William C., Varia from the Time of Hatshepsut, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 15, 1957, 87, Fig(s). 4; Meyer, Christine, Senenmut: Eine prosopographische Untersuchung, Hamburger Ägyptologische Studien 2, Hamburg 1982, 207, 329 [17]).
  22. ^ jmj-r kȝt n(t) Jmn m Ḏsr-[ḏsr]w: TT 353 ( Dorman, Peter F., The Tombs of Senenmut. The Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition XXIV, New York 1991, Pl(s). 67 [S64-S65] ); statue Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth AP 85.2 (Schulman, Alan Richard, The Ubiquitous Senenmut, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 9, 1987-1988, 66, 77, Fig(s). 4); statue Staatliche Sammlung Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich ÄS 6265 (Dorman, Peter F., The Monuments of Senenmut: Problems in Historical Methodology, London, New York 1988, Pl(s). 20; Meyer, Christine, Senenmut: Eine prosopographische Untersuchung, Hamburger Ägyptologische Studien 2, Hamburg 1982, 220).
  23. ^ jmj-r kȝt nbt n(t) Jmn: statues Brooklyn Museum, New York 67.68 and Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth AP 85.2 (Schulman, Alan Richard, The Ubiquitous Senenmut, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 9, 1987-1988, 63, Fig(s). 2, 4).
  24. ^ ḫrp kȝt nbt nt nswt: statue Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, Cairo CG 579 (Borchardt, Ludwig, Statuen und Statuetten von Königen und Privatleuten im Museum von Kairo, Nr. 1-1294, Teil 2: Text und Tafeln zu Nr. 381-653. Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Berlin 1925, 128); jmj-r kȝt nbt nt nswt: TT 71, TT 353 (Dorman, Peter F., The Tombs of Senenmut. The Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition XXIV, New York 1991, 53, 61, Pl(s). 72-73, 76-77 [N32, NW22]), statues British Museum, London EA174 (Meyer, Christine, Senenmut: Eine prosopographische Untersuchung, Hamburger Ägyptologische Studien 2, Hamburg 1982, 122, 305 [2]), EA1513 (Meyer, Christine, Senenmut: Eine prosopographische Untersuchung, Hamburger Ägyptologische Studien 2, Hamburg 1982, 113, 303 [1]).
  25. ^ jmj-r kȝt nbt n(t) nswt m pr-Jmn: TT 353 (Dorman, Peter F., The Tombs of Senenmut. The Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition XXIV, New York 1991, 136, Pl(s). 70-71, 83 [a-b] [C74]).
  26. ^ jmj-r kȝt n(t) Mwt m Jšrw: statue Brooklyn Museum, New York 67.68 (Schulman, Alan Richard, The Ubiquitous Senenmut, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 9, 1987-1988, 63, 74, Fig(s). 2); ḫrp kȝt m Jpt-swt: TT 71 (Dorman, Peter F., The Tombs of Senenmut. The Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition XXIV, New York 1991, 37 [Text 7]), sarcophagus Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 31.3.95, 65.274, 1971.209 (Dorman, Peter F., The Tombs of Senenmut. The Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition XXIV, New York 1991, 72, Pl(s). 31 [b] [Text 20]).
  27. ^ jmj-r prwj-ḥḏ: TT 353 (Dorman, The Tombs of Senenmut, Pls 64–67 [BD 110 vignette, S36]); jmj-r prwj-nbw: TT 353 (ibidem, Pls 64–65, 80–81 [NE22, S36]); jmj-r prwj-ḥḏ prwj-nbw: TT 353 (ibidem, Pls 66–67, 80–81 [NE10, S62]), sarcophagus (ibidem, Pl. 32 [b] [Text 60.16]), statue British Museum, London EA174 (Meyer, Senenmut, 122, 305 [2]).
  28. ^ jmj-r šnwtj: TT 353 (Dorman, The Tombs of Senenmut, Pls 74–75 [N41]); jmj-r šnwtj n(w) Jmn: TT 71, TT 353 (ibidem, 30 [Text 1], 37 [Text 7], 47 [Text 13], 52 [Text 24–25], 56 [Text 31], Pls 62–67, 70–73, 76–77, 80–81 [BD 110 vignette, NE5, N83, NW16, C73, C84, S5, S23, S28, S54]), sarcophagus (ibidem, Pls 31 [c], 32 [a] [Texts 9, 59]), stamped mud bricks (ibidem, 69, Pl. 29 [a, d]), Gebel es-Silsila, shrine 16 (James, Gebel es-Silsilah I, 53, Pl. 40), statues British Museum, London EA1513 (Meyer, Senenmut, 114, 303 [1]) and Louvre, Paris E 11057 (ibidem, 209 [18]); jmj-r šnwtj n Jmn m nwt rsjt: statue Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, Cairo CG 42114 (Legrain, Statues et statuettes I, 63); jmj-r šnwtj n(w) Jmn-wsr-ḥȝt: statue Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, Cairo CG 42117 (ibidem, 66).
  29. ^ jmj-r ȝḥwt n(w) Jmn: stamped mud bricks (Dorman, The Tombs of Senenmut, 69, Pl. 29 [a, d]); jmj-r ʿḥwtjw n(w) Jmn: TT 353, sarcophagus, vessel model (ibidem, 154, Pls 32 [b], 33 [a], 61, 63, 67, 73, 77, 81, 91 [a, g] [TT353 NE11, N33, N66, NW2, NW20, SE14, S5, S52, sarcophagus cat. 11, Texts 22, 60; vessel model cat. 55]; jmj-r pr wr n Jmn: name stone (Hayes, Ostraka and Name Stones, Pl. XXXII [XL]), TT 71, TT 353 (Dorman, The Tombs of Senenmut, 51, Pls 56–57 [TT 71 Text 22, TT353 N94, N101, S22]); jmj-r mnmnt n(t) Jmn: name stone (Hayes, Ostraka and Name Stones, Pl. XXXIII [LXXI]), TT 71, TT 353 (Dorman, The Tombs of Senenmut, 56, Pls 72–77, 80–81 [TT 71 Texts 31, TT 353 NE14, N31, N117, nw27]), sarcophagus (ibidem, 72, Pl. 32 [a] [Texts 4, 60.42]), stamped funerary cones (ibidem, 69, Pl. 29 [c]); jmj-r mnmnt n(t) Jmn m Jpt-swt: statue Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, Cairo CG 42114 (Legrain, Statues et statuettes I, 63); jmj-r nfrt nt Jmn: TT 353 (Dorman, The Tombs of Senenmut, Pls 60–63, 66–67, 74–77, 80–81 [NE15, N42–N43, N65, SE13, S29, S53]); jmj-r ḫntjw-š n(w) Jmn: TT 353 (ibidem, Pls 80–81 [NE23]); jmj-r gs-pr n ḥwt: sarcophagus (ibidem, Text 60.66, Pl. 33 [a]); jmj-r gs-prw n(w) Jmn: sarcophagus (ibidem, Texts 60.34, 60.54, Pl. 32 [c]).
  30. ^ Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, 145–164; Switalski Lesko, The Senmut Problem,117; the last date attested for Sen-en-mut is year 16, the first month of the ȝḫt season, day 8 (Hayes, A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca, 40 = recto of ostrakon no. 13, l. 1). See also chap. Valley Temple, p. 63.
  31. ^ jmj-r kȝt n(t) ʿȝ-ḫpr-kȝ-Rʿ: inscription from Shatt el-Regal (Urk. IV, 52.2).
  32. ^ jmj-r kȝt n(t) ʿȝ-ḫpr-n-Rʿ: inscription from Shatt el-Regal (Urk. IV, 52.3).
  33. ^ Caminos, Epigraphy in the Field, Pl. 13B.
  34. ^ jmj-r kȝt n(t) Ḏsr-kȝ-Rʿ mȝʿ ḫrw: inscription from Shatt el-Regal (Urk. IV, 52.1).
  35. ^ Urk. IV, 59.15–61.1.
  36. ^ Wysocki, The Results of Architectural Investigations, 47.
  37. ^ Ostracon from year 10, found in the Middle Courtyard (Hayes, A Selection of Tuthmoside Ostraca, 31–32 [2]), mentions Min-mes as the supervisor of one of the projects; it is also known that he participated in the transport of obelisks to Karnak (Naville, The Temple of Deir el-Bahari VI, Pl. CLIV).
  38. ^ I am grateful for this information to Dr Andrzej Ćwiek, who deals with this field.
  39. ^ Carter, The ‘Valley’-Temple, 39, Fig. 10.
  40. ^ A block with one of these three inscriptions is now stored in the storeroom no. 1 of the Metropolitan House in Qurna; it was found in season 2008/2009 by the author of the book and was identified by Dawid F. Wieczorek. Another block is stored in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, 12.181.305.
  41. ^ Bietak, Theben-West, Pl. IX [b].

Documentation


Cast of ka of Hatshepsut from the decoration of the temple is stored in the National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh: A.1908.377

Watercolours of some hieroglyphs and fragments of scenes, Art Institute Chicago, Chicago: ART.162b, ART.229, ART.275, ART.282, ART.284, ART.287, ART.288, ART.310, ART.312

 

Archive photos (general views):

Cantor Art Center at Stanford University 1978.233.2

EEF archives, John Pendlebury albums: PEND.NEG.01.083b, PEND.NEG.01.083d

Musées d’Art et d’Histoire de la Ville de Genève A 2006-0030-022-08a, A 2006-0030-022-08b, A 2006-0030-042-009, A 2006-0030-053-026, A 2006-0030-067-0438, A 2006-0030-067-0567, A 2007-0024-02-010-05

Distribution of objects from the British excavations: Deir el-Bahri

Griffith Institute

Maurice Pillet. Les archives photographiques de Maurice Pillet sur l'Égypte: 417, 2300, 2301, 2322, 2350, 2354, 2401

Archiwa Państwowe. Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe: 1-E-2869


Modern art:

Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest: KRTF 172

Bibliography:

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